The surface temperature and heat flux measurements from the arc jet testing are used to determine the TPS material’s thermal conductivity. To further validate a TPS material a second thermal property is measured.That is the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE).These two properties are combined with the mechanical properties of the material into a metric for the relative robustness of the material called the Thermal Shock Parameter (RT)

Film cooling has been selected for the thermal protection of the composite nozzle extension of the J-2X engine which is currently being developed for the second stage of NASA’s next generation launch vehicle, the Ares I rocket. However,several challenges remain in order to achieve effective film cooling of the nozzle extension and to ensure its safe operation. The extreme complexity of the flow (three-dimensionalwakes, lateral flows, vorticity, and flow separation) makes predicting film cooling performance difficult. There is also a dearth of useful supersonic film cooling data available for engineers to use in engine design and a lack of maturity of CFD tools to quantitatively match supersonic film cooling data. This dissertation advances the state of the art in film cooling by presenting semi-empirical analytical models which improve the basic physical understanding and prediction of the effects of pressure gradients, compressibility and density gradients on film cooling effectiveness. These models are shown to correlate most experimental data well and to resolve several conflicts in the open literature. The core-to-coolant stream velocity ratio, R, and the Kays acceleration parameter, KP, are identified as the critical paramete...

Experimental and analytical studies were conducted to investigate key physical mechanisms responsible for flame-acoustic coupling during the onset of acoustically driven combustion instabilities in liquid rocket engines (LREs). Controlled experiments were conducted in which a turbulent hydrogen-oxygen (GH2-GO2) diffusion flame, established downstream of a two-dimensional model shear coaxial injector was acoustically forced by a compression driver unit mounted in a transverse direction and excited through a broad range of frequencies (200Hz-2000Hz) and amplitudes. Characteristic interactions between flame and acoustics visualized through OH* and CH* chemiluminescence imaging and dynamic pressure measurements obtained using high frequency dynamic pressure transducers indicated that small acoustic disturbances could be amplified by flame-acoustic coupling under certain conditions leading to substantial modulation in spatial heat release fluctuations. Density gradient between fuel and oxidizer was found to significantly affect the way acoustic waves interacted with density stratified flame fronts. The particular case of an asymmetric flame front oscillation under transverse acoustic forcing indicated that baroclinic vorticity, generat...

The purpose of this assignment is to help you become more familiar with sequence alignment and molecular visualization. In this assignment, you will perform a sequence alignment of glycoside hydrolase family 1 enzymes. For one of the enzymes, you will generate an informative image using VMD.

Go to the CAZY web site (www.cazy.org). Click on the button labeled “GH” to get into the glycoside hydrolase families of enzymes. Scroll down to the table in which the various families are enumerated. Click on “1” to go to the family 1 enzymes. Select 10 enzymes from this long list for a sequence alignment. You will probably have the fewest problems if you choose enzymes from only one kingdom (i.e., archaea, eubacteria, and eukaryotes), and I would recommend using enzymes from eukaryotes. Within a given kingdom, you should choose the enzyme from 10 different organisms (their organism names will be different). Also, one of your choices should be an enzyme for which a 3-D crystal structure is available.

Use Biology Workbench to perform a multiple sequence alignment (MSA) of the 10 sequences. I think you will find it easiest if you paste in the sequences using FASTA format. This format should be available for all enzymes...

Acquiring accurate, transient measurements in harsh environments has always pushed the limits of available measurement technology. Until recently, the technology to directly measure certain properties in extremely high temperature environments has not existed. Advancements in optical measurement technology have led to the development of measurement techniques for pressure, temperature, acceleration, skin friction, etc. using extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometry (EFPI). The basic operating principle behind EFPI enables the development of sensors that can operate in the harsh conditions associated with turbine engines, high-speed combustors, and other aerospace propulsion applications where the flow environment is dominated by high frequency pressure and temperature variations caused by combustion instabilities, blade-row interactions, and unsteady aerodynamic phenomena. Using micromachining technology, these sensors are quite small and therefore ideal for applications where restricted space or minimal measurement interference is a consideration. In order to help demonstrate the general functionality of this measurement technology, sensors and signal processing electronics currently under development by Luna Innovations were used to...